Handbook silk display screen machine: Unleash your interior artisan with this complete information. From its historic roots to trendy functions, we’ll discover the fascinating world of guide silk display screen printing. Think about bringing your designs to life, one vibrant print at a time. This information will stroll you thru all the pieces that you must know, from basic elements to superior strategies.
This guide silk display screen machine information is designed to be a sensible useful resource for aspiring and seasoned display screen printers alike. We’ll cowl the necessities, together with working ideas, materials choice, and design issues. Whether or not you are a newbie or an skilled printmaker, this information will equip you with the data and instruments wanted to grasp the craft. Uncover the sweetness and flexibility of this time-honored printing approach.
Introduction to Handbook Silk Display Machines
Handbook silk display screen printing machines, a cornerstone of graphic arts for many years, are a testomony to the enduring energy of precision and craftsmanship. These machines, typically present in print outlets, studios, and even properties, supply a tangible connection to the historical past of visible communication. They’re indispensable instruments for creating a wide selection of designs on numerous supplies, from attire and textiles to promotional gadgets and inventive items.These machines, whereas seemingly easy, have advanced over time, reflecting developments in supplies and strategies.
Their basic elements are fastidiously engineered to permit for exact placement and software of ink. Understanding these elements is essential for reaching optimum outcomes.
Basic Elements of a Handbook Silk Display Machine
Handbook silk display screen machines usually comprise a sturdy body, a meticulously crafted screen-holding mechanism, and a complicated ink supply system. The body gives stability, permitting for constant stress and management in the course of the printing course of. The screen-holding mechanism facilitates correct positioning of the display screen over the substrate. A vital side is the ink supply system, making certain managed software of ink onto the display screen and subsequent switch onto the substrate.
Exact management of ink movement is significant for reaching high-quality prints. The body typically features a squeegee holder for environment friendly and constant ink switch.
Sorts of Handbook Silk Display Machines
Totally different functions and desires have pushed the event of varied kinds of guide silk display screen machines. These machines are categorized primarily based on their options and capabilities.
| Kind | Description | Purposes |
|---|---|---|
| Primary | Entry-level machines, typically inexpensive and compact. Best for small-scale tasks or hobbyists. | Small-scale printing tasks, private use, easy designs, smaller portions. |
| Superior | Geared up with enhanced options, akin to adjustable stress mechanisms and exact ink supply programs. Higher fitted to bigger portions and extra intricate designs. | Bigger manufacturing runs, extra complicated designs, greater high quality prints, skilled printing outlets. |
| Transportable | Light-weight and simple to maneuver, making them handy for on-site printing and cell functions. | Outside occasions, exhibitions, direct-to-customer gross sales, workshops. |
Working Ideas and Procedures
Mastering a guide silk-screen printing machine includes understanding its basic ideas and following a exact process. This course of, whereas seemingly simple, requires precision and a spotlight to element. A strong grasp of those strategies is important for reaching constantly high-quality prints.
Primary Working Ideas
Handbook silk-screen printing depends on the precept of transferring ink by a mesh display screen onto a substrate. A stencil, created on the display screen, acts as a barrier, permitting ink to move by solely the place the design is meant. The squeegee then forces the ink by the open areas of the stencil, onto the substrate. This exact management of ink movement is essential for high-quality outcomes.
Getting ready the Display for Printing
Correct display screen preparation is paramount for profitable printing. The display screen, usually made from a high-quality mesh, should be correctly tensioned and coated with a light-sensitive emulsion to create the stencil. This emulsion is uncovered to UV mild to harden and solidify within the areas that won’t obtain ink. The areas uncovered to mild turn out to be hardened, forming the stencil.
Making use of Ink and Transferring the Design
Making use of ink includes fastidiously loading the ink reservoir, making certain it is the right consistency for the particular display screen. The ink is then evenly distributed throughout the display screen utilizing a squeegee. The squeegee, a specialised instrument, applies managed stress, pushing the ink by the stencil and onto the substrate. This course of requires constant stress and even motion to stop ink from accumulating or being erratically utilized.
Strategies of Ink Utility
Totally different strategies of ink software have an effect on the standard and effectivity of the method. The selection is dependent upon components just like the design complexity and the specified print impact.
| Methodology | Description | Benefits | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|
| Handbook Squeegee | The standard technique, involving a single squeegee stroke. | Easy, cheap, and adaptable to varied substrates. | Requires extra bodily effort, much less environment friendly for complicated designs. |
| A number of Squeegee Passes | Utilizing a number of squeegee passes for a extra uniform ink distribution. | Achieves higher ink protection and fewer ink waste. | Time-consuming and may trigger ink buildup if not correctly managed. |
| Rotary Squeegee | Using a rotary squeegee for clean and even ink software. | Extra environment friendly for large-scale printing, ensures even stress. | Costlier and requires extra technical talent to function. |
Troubleshooting Frequent Issues
Numerous points can come up throughout guide silk-screen printing. Addressing these points promptly can forestall pricey errors and wasted supplies.
- Ink Blotting or Smearing: Make sure the display screen is correctly tensioned and the squeegee is clear. Incorrect ink viscosity or inconsistent stress may also result in this situation. Alter these components accordingly.
- Uneven Ink Distribution: Examine the squeegee’s alignment and guarantee even stress throughout the display screen. Use an appropriate ink consistency and proper the squeegee angle for improved outcomes.
- Display Tears or Injury: Correctly deal with and retailer the display screen to keep away from tears or harm. Make sure the emulsion is cured completely to extend the display screen’s sturdiness.
- Ink Clogging: Use an appropriate ink consistency and make sure the squeegee is clear to stop ink from clogging the display screen’s mesh. Clear the display screen recurrently to stop ink from clogging.
Supplies and Provides
Getting your silk-screening sport on requires the proper instruments and supplies. Selecting the best ones will guarantee your prints are sharp, vibrant, and final. This part dives deep into the world of silk display screen supplies, from the material of your screens to the right inks on your designs. Let’s get began!The center of any silk-screen print lies within the cautious choice of supplies.
From the display screen itself to the ink that brings your design to life, every element performs an important position within the closing product. Understanding these supplies and their traits is essential to reaching skilled outcomes.
Sorts of Display Supplies
Display supplies are chosen primarily based on the challenge’s wants. Totally different supplies cater to totally different necessities, from delicate designs to heavy-duty functions. Material mesh, the inspiration of a display screen, is essential. Selecting the right mesh rely is important for reaching the specified print high quality and backbone.
- Polyester mesh screens are widespread for his or her sturdiness and energy. They deal with heavy inks and repeated use nicely, making them supreme for large-scale printing or tasks requiring longevity.
- Nylon mesh screens are recognized for his or her clean texture, which interprets to sharper, extra detailed prints. Their flexibility makes them appropriate for intricate designs and high-quality particulars.
- Cotton mesh screens are a extra conventional alternative, typically most popular for his or her affordability. Whereas they might not be as sturdy as polyester or nylon, they could be a good choice for smaller-scale tasks.
Sorts of Printing Inks
The precise ink is significant for vibrant colours and sharp pictures. Totally different ink sorts cater to numerous printing wants. Selecting the right ink on your challenge is vital for high quality and longevity.
- Water-based inks are a well-liked alternative for his or her ease of use and environmental friendliness. They’re typically inexpensive and are sometimes supreme for learners or smaller print runs. They’re additionally typically extra environmentally pleasant.
- Plastisol inks are a sturdy and sturdy choice, offering distinctive protection and opacity. Their thickness and density lead to a really sharp and high-quality print, making them supreme for gadgets that may see numerous use.
- Solvent-based inks are recognized for his or her excessive pigment focus, leading to exceptionally vivid colours. They’re typically used for tasks that require intense vibrancy, however they require extra cautious dealing with as a consequence of their robust odor and potential for environmental impression.
Examples of Display Supplies
Various kinds of screens are tailor-made for particular functions. Understanding which display screen is greatest on your challenge is important for reaching a profitable final result. Listed below are some examples of display screen supplies utilized in guide silk display screen printing.
- A 100-mesh polyester display screen is a flexible choice for quite a lot of tasks. Its stability of sturdiness and sharpness makes it appropriate for a lot of makes use of.
- A 150-mesh nylon display screen is a superb alternative for intricate designs. Its clean texture ensures crisp strains and detailed prints.
- A 200-mesh cotton display screen is a budget-friendly alternative for small-scale tasks. Its barely decrease sturdiness is offset by its cost-effectiveness.
Important Provides
A well-stocked equipment is essential for environment friendly and profitable silk-screening. A complete record of obligatory provides is introduced under.
| Provide | Description |
|---|---|
| Display body | Holds the display screen taut in the course of the printing course of. |
| Squeegee | Used to switch ink from the display screen to the substrate. |
| Emulsion | Offers the protecting coating on the display screen. |
| Printing ink | The colorant used to create the design. |
| Substrate | The fabric being printed on (e.g., t-shirts, mugs). |
| Clear cloths | For cleansing up spills and mess. |
| Mixing instruments | For mixing inks and different supplies. |
Materials Dealing with and Storage
Correct materials dealing with and storage are essential for the longevity of your supplies and the standard of your prints. This follow ensures that your provides stay in optimum situation.
- Retailer inks in hermetic containers to stop drying out or contamination.
- Hold screens clear and shielded from mud and scratches.
- Keep a cool and dry setting for storage to stop deterioration.
Design Issues and Strategies
Crafting compelling designs for silk display screen printing on a guide machine requires cautious planning and execution. The method, although seemingly simple, includes essential choices that instantly impression the ultimate product’s high quality and attraction. From the preliminary art work preparation to the applying of stencils, every step contributes to the general success of the print.
Paintings Preparation for Silk Display Printing, Handbook silk display screen machine
Efficient art work preparation is key to profitable silk display screen printing. The art work must be meticulously ready to make sure a clear, sharp picture switch to the display screen. This includes a number of essential steps, together with scaling, tracing, and making ready the art work for display screen publicity. Correct scaling ensures the picture maintains its meant dimension and proportion on the display screen. Tracing, typically utilizing a lightweight desk, permits for correct copy of the design onto the display screen’s mesh.
Moreover, the art work must be formatted in a manner that enhances the silk display screen course of. This would possibly contain utilizing specialised software program for clear vector-based designs or creating high-resolution raster pictures.
Design Strategies for Handbook Silk Display Machines
Handbook silk display screen printing presents a various vary of design strategies. Experimentation and creativity are inspired. These strategies can considerably improve the ultimate print’s aesthetics and impression. For instance, layering totally different colours or using strategies like halftoning can create distinctive and putting results. These strategies might be mixed to attain complicated and compelling visuals.
Cautious consideration of shade mixtures and layering sequences is essential.
Frequent Design Errors and Find out how to Keep away from Them
Sustaining constant high quality is significant in guide silk display screen printing. A typical mistake is insufficient art work preparation. This typically leads to blurred or distorted pictures on the ultimate print. To keep away from this, make sure the art work is excessive decision and correctly scaled. One other prevalent situation is wrong display screen pressure.
Unfastened screens could cause misregistration, whereas overly tight screens can create print inconsistencies. A well-maintained and correctly tensioned display screen minimizes these issues. Utilizing applicable display screen sorts for the meant design is essential for a profitable final result. A inflexible display screen, as an example, isn’t appropriate for high-quality particulars. These components all contribute to the general high quality of the print.
| Mistake | Rationalization | Resolution |
|---|---|---|
| Poorly ready art work | Blurred or distorted pictures as a consequence of low decision or improper scaling. | Guarantee high-resolution art work and correct scaling. |
| Incorrect display screen pressure | Misregistration or inconsistent prints as a consequence of free or overly tight screens. | Keep correct display screen pressure utilizing the right strategies. |
| Inappropriate display screen kind | Print high quality points stemming from utilizing an unsuitable display screen materials for the design. | Choose the suitable display screen kind primarily based on the design complexity and element. |
| Insufficient masking | Uneven or incomplete print as a consequence of poor stencil software. | Exact and cautious stencil software. |
Stencils and Masking Strategies
Utilizing stencils and masking strategies is important for correct and managed software of ink.
Correct stencil preparation is vital to a high-quality print. A exact stencil ensures that ink is deposited solely the place meant. Numerous stencil supplies, together with adhesive movies and hand-cut stencils, supply numerous prospects. The chosen technique is dependent upon the complexity of the design and the specified stage of element. A well-crafted stencil is a cornerstone of efficient guide silk display screen printing.
Experimenting with totally different masking strategies can produce distinctive results, akin to making a speckled or textured look.
Purposes and Versatility
Handbook silk display screen printing, a time-tested approach, stays surprisingly adaptable in a world of digital marvels. Its tactile nature and nuanced management make it a compelling alternative for particular tasks, providing a novel allure that digital strategies typically lack. Understanding its functions, strengths, and limitations helps recognize its enduring worth.
Various Purposes
Handbook silk display screen printing finds its area of interest in numerous sectors, excelling in conditions the place intricate designs, customisations, and tactile experiences are valued. Its adaptability extends to a variety of supplies, enabling customisations in numerous industries.
- Textiles: From attire to banners, guide silk display screen gives a novel option to apply designs to materials. The method’s means to create intricate patterns, vibrant colors, and customisations makes it supreme for style, promoting, and inventive expression.
- Promotional Merchandise: Companies leverage guide silk display screen to imprint logos and designs on mugs, t-shirts, and different merchandise. The precision and sturdiness of the printed picture make it good for long-lasting promotional supplies.
- Industrial Purposes: Manufacturing and industrial settings utilise guide silk display screen for making use of intricate markings on elements, identification tags, and protecting coatings. The power to create customized designs and sturdy coatings is a big benefit.
- Artwork and Design: Artists make use of guide silk display screen to create distinctive prints, murals, and art work. The tactile expertise and management over the printing course of present artists with unparalleled artistic freedom.
Benefits and Disadvantages
Weighing the advantages and disadvantages of guide silk display screen printing is essential for knowledgeable decision-making.
| Benefits | Disadvantages |
|---|---|
| Customization: Distinctive management over intricate designs and hues. | Velocity: Considerably slower than digital strategies. |
| Sturdiness: The printed picture is usually very sturdy. | Setup Time: Preparation time for every design might be prolonged. |
| Value-effectiveness: For small-scale tasks, it may be less expensive than digital strategies. | Scalability: Tough to scale up manufacturing to excessive volumes effectively. |
| Excessive High quality: Permits for high-quality particulars and high-quality outcomes, particularly in small batches. | Ability Requirement: Requires expert operators for constant high quality. |
Versatility In comparison with Different Strategies
Evaluating guide silk display screen printing to different strategies highlights its distinctive capabilities.
- Digital Printing: Digital printing excels in velocity and high-volume manufacturing, however typically lacks the intricate particulars and tactile high quality of guide silk display screen. Digital strategies are usually extra appropriate for mass manufacturing.
- Display Printing (Different Varieties): Superior automated display screen printing programs can deal with bigger volumes, however typically lack the exact management supplied by guide strategies. These choices excel in industrial and industrial settings.
- Offset Printing: Offset printing is fitted to large-scale print runs and copy of high-quality pictures. Handbook silk display screen, nonetheless, is extra suited to small-batch manufacturing, customized designs, and distinctive inventive expression.
Substrate Preparation
Getting ready substrates for guide silk display screen printing includes cautious steps to make sure a profitable final result. The strategy employed relies upon closely on the fabric being printed on.
- Cleansing: Totally cleansing the substrate is important to take away any contaminants or particles that would intervene with the ink’s adhesion. Totally different supplies require totally different cleansing strategies.
- Pre-treatment: Pre-treatments could be obligatory for sure supplies to reinforce ink adhesion and stop the ink from bleeding or smudging. This varies relying on the fabric.
- Floor Preparation: Adjusting the substrate’s floor for optimum ink adhesion, akin to smoothing, roughening, or making use of a primer, can dramatically have an effect on the ultimate print high quality.
Upkeep and Restore
Holding your guide silk-screen machine in tip-top form is essential for constant high quality and longevity. Common upkeep is not nearly avoiding breakdowns; it is about maximizing your machine’s efficiency and stopping pricey repairs down the street. Consider it as preventative drugs on your precious instrument.Correct upkeep interprets to smoother operation, fewer complications, and extra time for creating beautiful prints.
This part particulars the necessities of sustaining your machine, from easy checks to extra concerned repairs, empowering you to be a savvy caretaker of your screen-printing gear.
Significance of Common Upkeep
Common upkeep prevents pricey repairs and downtime. A well-maintained machine ensures constant ink movement, exact registration, and prolonged lifespan. By addressing minor points proactively, you may keep away from main issues that would shut down your operation. Common upkeep additionally helps you determine potential points earlier than they turn out to be vital.
Frequent Upkeep Procedures
Common cleansing and lubrication are basic. Clear the display screen printing body and squeegee often to take away dried ink and different residues. Lubricate transferring elements to make sure clean operation. Take note of the ink-handling system, and preserve it clear and free from clogs. Correct upkeep procedures will forestall small issues from escalating into important points.
Primary Troubleshooting and Repairs
This part gives a step-by-step information to handle frequent issues.
- Ink Clogging: If ink is clogging the display screen or squeegee, first strive cleansing the display screen with a mushy brush and solvent. If the clog persists, strive a specialised display screen cleansing instrument or a extra aggressive solvent. Make sure the squeegee is clear and the ink system is freed from particles.
- Uneven Ink Distribution: Examine the squeegee for correct alignment and stress. If the squeegee is worn or misaligned, change or alter it accordingly. Look at the display screen pressure; guarantee it’s correctly adjusted to keep away from uneven ink distribution. Confirm that the display screen isn’t broken or warped.
- Poor Registration: Verify that the display screen is positioned precisely within the body. If the registration is off, alter the body or the display screen positioning system. Look at the display screen’s pressure and alter as wanted. Examine the alignment of the printing desk to make sure accuracy.
- Machine Noise: Uncommon noises would possibly point out an issue with the motor, bearings, or different transferring elements. Isolate the supply of the noise. Seek the advice of the producer’s guide or a professional technician for steering. If the noise persists, seek the advice of knowledgeable restore technician.
Instruments and Tools for Upkeep
The next desk lists the important instruments and gear for routine upkeep and repairs:
| Instrument/Tools | Description |
|---|---|
| Tender Brushes | For cleansing screens and different elements. |
| Solvent | For eradicating ink and different residues. |
| Lubricant | For lubricating transferring elements. |
| Screwdrivers | For adjusting and repairing elements. |
| Display Cleansing Instruments | Specialised instruments for cleansing screens. |
| Squeegee Cleaners | For cleansing squeegees and sustaining their correct form. |
| Display Rigidity Adjusters | For regulating display screen pressure. |
| Alignment Instruments | For making certain exact registration and alignment. |
Security Precautions: Handbook Silk Display Machine
Protected operation of a guide silk display screen printing machine is paramount. Ignoring security protocols can result in critical accidents and gear harm. This part Artikels essential security measures, highlighting potential hazards and greatest practices for a safe and productive work setting.
Important Security Gear
A complete security program begins with correct private protecting gear (PPE). This isn’t only a formality; it is a important element of stopping accidents.
- Eye Safety: At all times put on security glasses or a face defend to guard your eyes from flying particles, ink splashes, or unintended contact with chemical compounds.
- Gloves: Use applicable gloves to guard your palms from ink, solvents, and different probably dangerous supplies. Select gloves immune to the particular chemical compounds you may be working with.
- Clothes: Put on lengthy sleeves and pants to cowl uncovered pores and skin, stopping contact with ink and different hazardous substances. Think about using an apron or smock for added safety.
- Respiratory Safety: If working with risky solvents or chemical compounds, a respirator with applicable filters is important. At all times observe the producer’s directions for correct respirator use and upkeep.
Machine-Particular Security Procedures
Understanding and adhering to machine-specific security protocols is essential for stopping accidents.
- Machine Shutdown: Earlier than any upkeep or changes, make sure the machine is totally shut down and unplugged from the facility supply. At all times use the designated off change.
- Materials Dealing with: When dealing with inks, solvents, and different supplies, use correct strategies to keep away from spills or splashes. Retailer supplies in designated areas and deal with them with care.
- Tools Inspection: Frequently examine the machine for any indicators of injury or put on. Broken elements can result in malfunctions and accidents. Report any points to the supervisor instantly.
- Emergency Stops: Familiarize your self with the placement and operation of emergency cease buttons on the machine. These stops are vital for instant shutdown in case of an emergency.
Materials Dealing with Finest Practices
Correct materials dealing with minimizes the danger of accidents and contamination.
- Storage: Retailer inks and solvents in well-ventilated areas, away from warmth sources and ignition factors. At all times label containers clearly and observe the producer’s directions for storage circumstances.
- Disposal: Correctly get rid of used supplies, following all environmental rules and security tips. By no means combine incompatible supplies.
- Mixing Procedures: Comply with the exact mixing directions supplied by the producer for all inks and different supplies. Improper mixing can result in hazardous reactions.
- Spill Response: Have a spill response plan in place. Know find out how to comprise and clear up spills promptly and safely. Use applicable absorbent supplies and observe the producer’s directions for cleansing up spilled supplies.
Emergency Procedures
A well-defined emergency response plan is vital in case of accidents.
- First Assist: Know the placement of first support provides and find out how to administer fundamental first support. Guarantee first support kits are available and well-stocked.
- Reporting: Instantly report any accidents, accidents, or close to misses to the supervisor. Correct record-keeping is important for preventative measures.
- Evacuation Procedures: Know the evacuation procedures in case of a hearth or different emergency. Familiarize your self with the designated escape routes and meeting factors.
- Contacting Authorities: Know find out how to contact emergency providers (hearth division, ambulance) in case of significant incidents. Have emergency contact numbers available.
Security Rules
Adherence to security rules is significant for a protected working setting.
| Regulation Class | Particular Rules |
|---|---|
| Materials Dealing with | Comply with Materials Security Knowledge Sheets (MSDS) for all chemical compounds and supplies. Use applicable PPE when dealing with hazardous supplies. |
| Machine Operation | Keep a clear and arranged workspace. Guarantee correct machine upkeep and servicing. By no means function the machine whereas underneath the affect of medication or alcohol. |
| Emergency Preparedness | Set up a fireplace security plan. Conduct common security coaching classes. Keep first support provides and emergency contact info. |
| Environmental Safety | Correctly get rid of waste supplies. Decrease the usage of hazardous supplies. Adhere to native and nationwide environmental rules. |
Comparability with Different Printing Strategies
Selecting the best printing technique relies upon closely in your particular wants. A guide silk display screen machine, whereas providing distinctive benefits, would not at all times dominate the sphere. Understanding its strengths and weaknesses relative to different strategies is essential for knowledgeable decision-making.Handbook silk display screen printing, a time-tested technique, stands aside from digital and offset printing in its strategy. This hands-on course of typically yields distinctive inventive outcomes, however its capabilities and limitations differ considerably from these different strategies.
Let’s dive into the comparative panorama to see the place guide display screen printing really shines.
Strengths of Handbook Silk Display Printing
Handbook silk display screen printing excels in sure areas. Its means to create intricate designs and vibrant colours is unmatched in lots of circumstances. The method presents a level of customization that digital or offset printing typically struggles to match. This distinctive contact is especially interesting for inventive tasks or one-of-a-kind designs.
Weaknesses of Handbook Silk Display Printing
Regardless of its benefits, guide silk display screen printing has its drawbacks. The method might be labor-intensive and time-consuming, notably for large-scale tasks. Its setup time might be longer in comparison with digital printing, probably growing total manufacturing prices. Additionally, repeatability could be a problem, particularly for complicated designs.
Value-Effectiveness Evaluation
The price-effectiveness of guide silk display screen printing relies upon closely on the size of the challenge. For smaller portions, it may well typically be fairly aggressive with different strategies. Nevertheless, as manufacturing quantity will increase, digital or offset printing typically turns into extra economical as a consequence of their greater velocity.
Velocity and Effectivity Comparability
Velocity is a key differentiator. Handbook silk display screen printing is considerably slower than digital or offset printing, particularly for high-volume jobs. Digital printing presents close to instantaneous turnaround, whereas offset printing, although slower than digital, maintains a substantial benefit in high-volume manufacturing.
Key Variations Abstract
| Printing Methodology | Strengths | Weaknesses | Value-Effectiveness (Small vs. Massive Scale) | Velocity & Effectivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Handbook Silk Display | Intricate designs, vibrant colours, customization | Labor-intensive, time-consuming, decrease repeatability, setup time | Aggressive for small runs, much less so for big | Slowest among the many three |
| Digital Printing | Quick turnaround, simple design modifications, versatile | Restricted shade vary (typically), potential high quality points with complicated designs | Value-effective for big runs, not for small | Quickest among the many three |
| Offset Printing | Top quality, large-scale manufacturing, wider shade vary | Setup time, greater preliminary funding, slower than digital | Wonderful for big runs, however much less so for small | Medium velocity, appropriate for big runs |
