Bible examine on the ebook of daniel pdf delves into the charming world of Daniel, a prophet whose visions and tales proceed to resonate with readers at this time. This complete information unpacks the historic context, key themes, and profound prophecies inside this highly effective biblical textual content. Put together to embark on a journey of insightful exploration, inspecting the symbolic language, vital characters, and sensible purposes of Daniel’s message for our trendy world.
This PDF will present a structured and detailed exploration of the ebook of Daniel. It would supply concise summaries of every chapter, highlighting key figures, themes, and prophecies. The examine shall be enhanced by insightful analyses, comparisons, and sensible purposes, making certain an intensive and enriching expertise for the reader. It would equip readers with the instruments and information to deepen their understanding and software of Daniel’s teachings.
Introduction to Daniel
Daniel, a charming ebook of the Bible, takes us on a journey by way of a tumultuous interval of historical past. It is a story of religion, braveness, and divine intervention amidst the backdrop of the Babylonian and Persian empires. Greater than only a historic account, Daniel gives profound insights into God’s sovereignty and His enduring guarantees. The ebook is wealthy with symbolism, prophecy, and the unwavering devotion of its central characters.The ebook of Daniel was penned throughout a time of exile and oppression for the Israelites.
Written someday between the sixth and 4th centuries BCE, it captures the struggles and hopes of a individuals uprooted from their homeland. This context profoundly shapes the ebook’s message, including layers of which means and urgency to its narrative. The writer, utilizing vivid imagery and symbolic language, addresses the anxieties and questions of a individuals going through vital challenges, providing hope and luxury by way of divine revelation.
Abstract of the Guide of Daniel
The ebook of Daniel presents a compelling narrative encompassing each historic accounts and prophetic visions. Daniel and his companions’ unwavering religion throughout captivity in Babylon kind the core of the historic sections. The prophetic sections unveil profound visions of the long run, offering perception into the course of human historical past and God’s final plan. The ebook skillfully blends these components, providing a singular mix of historic narrative and prophetic revelation.
Historic Context
The historic context of Daniel’s writing is essential for understanding its message. The Israelites had been exiled to Babylon, a strong empire, in the course of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar. This era of captivity and displacement profoundly impacted the Israelites’ religion and perspective. Daniel and his companions discovered themselves in a overseas land, surrounded by a distinct tradition and faith, but they remained steadfast of their devotion to God.
The ebook displays the challenges confronted by these in exile and gives encouragement amidst adversity. The Persian Empire subsequently rose to energy, offering additional context for the ebook’s prophetic components.
Key Themes
Daniel’s themes revolve round God’s sovereignty, human struggles, and the final word triumph of excellent over evil. The ebook highlights the unwavering religion of Daniel and his companions within the face of immense trials. Their faithfulness in a overseas land underscores the significance of steadfast devotion to God, even in difficult circumstances. The prophetic visions reveal God’s overarching plan for historical past, providing hope and understanding of the long run.
The ebook serves as a testomony to God’s enduring energy and His unwavering dedication to His individuals.
Desk of Contents
| Chapter | Transient Abstract | Key Figures | Main Themes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1-6 | Historic accounts of Daniel and his companions in Babylon. Their unwavering religion in God, and the trials they confronted, are highlighted. | Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, Azariah | Religion, obedience, steadfastness, divine safety |
| 7-12 | Prophetic visions revealing God’s plan for historical past, together with the rise and fall of empires. | Daniel | God’s sovereignty, the character of time, future occasions, the final word triumph of excellent |
Key Prophecies and Visions
Daniel’s prophecies, woven into the material of the biblical narrative, supply an interesting glimpse into God’s overarching plan. These visions, typically shrouded in symbolic language, paint vivid photos of the long run, revealing each the challenges and the final word triumph of God’s individuals. They don’t seem to be simply predictions; they’re home windows into the center of God’s knowledge and a strong demonstration of His enduring sovereignty.The symbolic language utilized in these visions calls for cautious interpretation.
Every image, like a bit of a posh puzzle, carries a deeper which means, typically referencing historic occasions or future realities. Understanding these symbols is essential to unlocking the prophecies’ profound insights. Cautious examine and comparability of assorted visions reveal placing patterns and insights into God’s plan for humanity.
Significance of the Prophecies
Daniel’s prophecies are greater than mere predictions. They’re testaments to God’s foreknowledge, His meticulous plan for historical past, and His unwavering dedication to His individuals. These prophecies supply consolation in instances of adversity, inspiring hope for a brighter future. In addition they function a strong reminder of the significance of religion, obedience, and enduring hope within the face of trials.
Symbolic Language within the Visions
Daniel’s visions make use of a wealthy tapestry of symbolic language. Animals, kingdoms, and celestial our bodies are continuously used to signify earthly powers and non secular realities. The imagery is commonly vivid and memorable, designed to go away an enduring impression on the reader and to resonate deeply with those that hear them. For instance, a particular animal in a imaginative and prescient would possibly signify a specific empire, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses.
Comparability and Distinction of Visions
The visions introduced in Daniel are numerous of their content material and interpretation. Some deal with the rise and fall of kingdoms, whereas others unveil insights into the final word future of God’s individuals. Evaluating and contrasting these visions permits us to see recurring themes and discern patterns in God’s overarching plan. Every imaginative and prescient gives a singular perspective, contributing to a complete understanding of the long run.
Desk of Visions, Meanings, and Implications
| Imaginative and prescient | Symbolic Meanings | Potential Implications |
|---|---|---|
| The 4 Beasts (Chapter 7) | Representing successive empires (Babylon, Persia, Greece, Rome). | Highlights God’s management over earthly kingdoms and the eventual triumph of His chosen individuals. |
| The Ram and the Goat (Chapter 8) | Representing the kingdoms of Media-Persia and Greece. | Illustrates the dynamics of energy shifts and the eventual decline of empires. |
| The Seventy Weeks (Chapter 9) | Detailing a particular timeframe for the approaching of the Messiah. | Offers a timeline for the success of God’s guarantees and the final word redemption of humanity. |
| The Imaginative and prescient of the Son of Man (Chapter 7) | A determine of authority and judgement, typically related to Jesus Christ. | Reveals a future chief who will usher in an period of peace and justice. |
Characters and Their Roles
Daniel, a person of unwavering religion, discovered himself thrust into the center of a political maelstrom. He navigated the treacherous courts of Babylon and Persia, encountering highly effective figures and enduring trials that examined his resolve. Understanding these characters and their motivations illuminates the profound themes of religion, loyalty, and divine intervention woven all through the ebook. The interactions between these people reveal the intricate tapestry of human relationships and the overarching hand of God in shaping historical past.The ebook of Daniel showcases a various forged of characters, every enjoying a major function within the unfolding narrative.
Their actions, motivations, and relationships are intricately related, highlighting the complexities of human nature and the enduring energy of religion. The narrative is a compelling drama of religion and battle, of braveness and resilience, and finally, of God’s sovereignty.
Key Characters and Their Significance
The characters in Daniel embody numerous elements of human expertise. From the unwavering prophet to the crafty political gamers, every character provides depth and dimension to the story. Their interactions and struggles reveal the fixed interaction between divine intervention and human company.
Daniel
Daniel, the protagonist, is a first-rate instance of unwavering religion within the face of adversity. His steadfast devotion to God, even within the face of persecution and temptation, is a strong testomony to the human spirit’s capability for resilience. His braveness in sustaining his religion, even when it meant risking his life, exemplifies the significance of remaining true to 1’s convictions.
Nebuchadnezzar
Nebuchadnezzar, the highly effective king of Babylon, is a determine of immense authority and affect. His actions, starting from acts of brutality to moments of profound introspection, reveal the fluctuating nature of energy and the potential for each nice cruelty and sudden humility. His goals and visions play a crucial function within the narrative, illustrating the divine hand at work in shaping human future.
Belshazzar
Belshazzar, Nebuchadnezzar’s son, inherited the throne however lacked his father’s knowledge and power. His satisfaction and vanity are contrasted with Daniel’s humility, foreshadowing the inevitable penalties of unchecked ambition. The autumn of Babylon, symbolized by the cryptic writing on the wall, immediately pertains to Belshazzar’s failings.
The 4 Beasts
The 4 beasts in Daniel’s visions signify successive empires that will rise and fall. These symbolic creatures aren’t merely descriptions of political entities but additionally function warnings in regards to the nature of energy and the fleeting nature of earthly kingdoms. Their depiction within the ebook serves as a strong reminder of God’s final sovereignty over all earthly kingdoms.
The Heavenly Host
The heavenly host, together with angels and different celestial beings, performs a vital function in Daniel’s visions. Their appearances and interventions reveal the divine hand guiding and defending those that belief in God. These appearances function reassurance and affirmation of God’s plan and goal in historical past.
Desk of Key Characters
| Character | Position | Connection to Total Narrative |
|---|---|---|
| Daniel | Prophets, unwavering religion, instance of obedience | Central determine; demonstrates religion, resilience, and obedience to God |
| Nebuchadnezzar | Highly effective King, expertise of satisfaction and humility | Illustrates the character of energy and the significance of humility; a recipient of divine warnings |
| Belshazzar | King, satisfaction, vanity | Represents the results of unchecked ambition; the autumn of Babylon is related to his failings |
| The 4 Beasts | Successive Empires | Symbolic illustration of empires and the fleeting nature of earthly kingdoms |
| Heavenly Host | Divine intervention | Demonstrates divine steering and safety |
Classes and Functions
Daniel’s story, a tapestry woven with religion, resilience, and divine intervention, gives profound classes for our lives at this time. It isn’t only a historic account; it is a dwelling testomony to the enduring energy of hope, the significance of unwavering perception, and the relevance of non secular knowledge in navigating the complexities of the human expertise. These rules, although historic, resonate powerfully with the challenges we face within the trendy world.The ebook of Daniel reveals the profound impression of steadfast religion within the face of adversity.
Daniel and his companions, regardless of being exiled from their homeland and going through perilous circumstances, remained steadfast of their dedication to their beliefs. Their actions, rooted in unwavering religion, reveal the enduring power of precept and the transformative energy of non secular conviction. This enduring power isn’t merely a historic curiosity; it is a timeless mannequin for navigating the trials and tribulations of our personal lives.
Key Classes from Daniel
Daniel’s life, replete with prophecies, visions, and unwavering religion, gives quite a few classes. The ebook highlights the significance of prayer, the importance of obedience to God, and the need of sustaining an ethical compass in a world that always veers from righteous rules. It additionally underscores the facility of perseverance and resilience within the face of opposition and hardship.
- Religion within the face of adversity: Daniel and his companions reveal exceptional religion even within the face of exile and persecution. Their dedication to their beliefs, regardless of vital hardship, serves as a strong instance of tolerating religion. This lesson is remarkably related at this time, reminding us that religion generally is a supply of power and resilience throughout difficult instances.
- The ability of prayer: Daniel’s constant prayer life, even within the midst of adversity, illustrates the importance of prayer as a method of communication with God. This underscores the important function of prayer in in search of steering, power, and help, a apply that continues to be important in trendy life.
- Obedience to God’s will: Daniel’s unwavering obedience to God’s instructions, even when it meant going through troublesome circumstances, is a testomony to the significance of adhering to divine steering. It is a timeless lesson, urging us to prioritize aligning our actions with God’s will.
- Perseverance by way of trials: Daniel’s experiences spotlight the significance of perseverance. He confronted many trials, however by no means wavered in his dedication to God. This enduring spirit is a crucial lesson, reminding us to persevere by way of life’s challenges, even when the trail appears arduous.
Making use of Daniel’s Classes to Fashionable Life
The rules illustrated in Daniel’s life transcend time and cultural boundaries. They provide sensible steering for navigating modern challenges and sustaining a powerful ethical compass. These classes aren’t only for non secular people; they’re relevant to anybody in search of to stay a lifetime of integrity and goal.
- Sustaining ethical integrity: In a world typically characterised by ethical ambiguity, Daniel’s unwavering dedication to righteous rules gives a invaluable instance for sustaining ethical integrity in private {and professional} lives. The power to face agency in opposition to ethical compromises is essential for particular person and societal well-being.
- Resilience within the face of opposition: In at this time’s world, many face opposition for his or her beliefs or convictions. Daniel’s story serves as a reminder that resilience is important within the face of adversity. Sustaining a powerful sense of self and religion in a single’s values is crucial for private progress and success.
- Cultivating perseverance: Daniel’s journey underscores the significance of perseverance. In trendy life, perseverance by way of setbacks and challenges is significant for reaching long-term targets and sustaining a constructive outlook. His instance reminds us to remain targeted on our aims and persevere regardless of obstacles.
Evaluating and Contrasting Daniel’s Conditions with Modern Points
| Daniel’s State of affairs | Modern Parallels |
|---|---|
| Exile and persecution | Going through discrimination, social injustice, or political oppression |
| Opposition to idolatry | Standing in opposition to dangerous societal traits or ideologies |
| Sustaining religion in God | Sustaining religion in a single’s values or beliefs in difficult instances |
| Decoding visions and goals | Navigating advanced conditions or in search of options to troublesome issues |
These parallels reveal the enduring relevance of Daniel’s experiences within the trendy world. By understanding and making use of these classes, we are able to domesticate resilience, religion, and a powerful ethical compass, whatever the challenges we encounter.
Examine Sources and Instruments
Delving into the profound knowledge of Daniel’s prophecies requires greater than only a single studying. A wealth of sources awaits these desperate to discover this charming ebook, offering context, insights, and deeper understanding. Unlocking its secrets and techniques includes using numerous instruments and exploring numerous views.Understanding the historic and cultural backdrop of Daniel’s time is essential for decoding the textual content precisely.
Exploring respected sources can illuminate the nuances of the language and the historic context surrounding the prophecies. This can improve our appreciation of the messages embedded throughout the ebook’s verses.
Dependable On-line Sources
Exploring the digital realm gives a wealth of sources for learning Daniel. Web sites devoted to biblical research and commentary typically present invaluable insights.
- Biblical Archaeology Society (BAS): Gives articles, podcasts, and movies on numerous biblical subjects, together with related archaeological discoveries that make clear the traditional world and contribute to a deeper understanding of Daniel’s time and setting.
- GotQuestions.org: A complete Q&A website addressing numerous theological questions. Whereas not solely targeted on Daniel, it might probably present useful context and solutions to widespread questions in regards to the ebook.
- Logos Bible Software program (and comparable platforms): Offers entry to commentaries, dictionaries, and different sources for in-depth examine of the Bible. These sources enable customers to look throughout a variety of sources for detailed insights into Daniel’s writings.
Respected Bible Examine Guides
Structured examine guides can considerably help in navigating the ebook’s complexities. These guides present a framework for exploring the ebook’s numerous sections and decoding its messages.
- NIV Examine Bible: This widespread examine Bible contains detailed notes, maps, and different sources for higher understanding the biblical textual content. It gives context for the ebook of Daniel and its historic setting.
- Life Software Examine Bible: This examine Bible gives insights on making use of biblical rules to on a regular basis life. It gives commentary and dialogue inquiries to encourage private reflection on Daniel’s teachings and their relevance at this time.
Commentaries and Scholarly Articles
Skilled commentaries and scholarly articles supply deeper analyses of Daniel’s prophecies and visions. They typically discover the historic, literary, and theological implications of the textual content.
- The Guide of Daniel by [Author Name]: This commentary gives an in depth evaluation of the ebook of Daniel, inspecting the historic, literary, and theological elements of its content material. It gives particular insights into every chapter and verse, selling a complete understanding of the textual content.
- Articles in scholarly journals corresponding to The Journal of Biblical Literature or Interpretation: These journals characteristic articles by main biblical students, offering in-depth analyses of assorted elements of Daniel, together with its literary construction, historic context, and theological implications.
Useful resource Categorization
This desk summarizes the assorted sources mentioned, categorized by sort and offering a short description:
| Sort | Useful resource | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Web site | Biblical Archaeology Society | Offers articles, podcasts, and movies on biblical subjects, together with archaeological discoveries associated to the traditional Close to East. |
| Web site | GotQuestions.org | A Q&A website addressing theological questions, together with these referring to the Guide of Daniel. |
| Software program | Logos Bible Software program | Offers entry to commentaries, dictionaries, and different sources for in-depth Bible examine, together with the Guide of Daniel. |
| Guide | NIV Examine Bible | Offers detailed notes, maps, and different sources for understanding the biblical textual content, together with the Guide of Daniel. |
| Guide | Life Software Examine Bible | Gives insights on making use of biblical rules to day by day life, together with the Guide of Daniel. |
| Article | The Guide of Daniel by [Author Name] | A commentary offering an in depth evaluation of the ebook of Daniel, exploring its historic, literary, and theological elements. |
| Article | The Journal of Biblical Literature/Interpretation | Scholarly journals that includes articles by main biblical students, providing in-depth analyses of assorted elements of Daniel. |
Examine Strategies and Approaches
Unlocking the mysteries of the Guide of Daniel requires a multifaceted method, going past easy studying. Completely different lenses reveal completely different sides of this profound prophetic textual content. Understanding the historic context, the literary model, and the symbolic language are essential to really greedy its message. This part will discover numerous strategies that can assist you delve deeper into this fascinating ebook.
Historic-Cultural Context
Daniel’s prophecies typically unfold inside particular historic and cultural landscapes. Understanding the political local weather, societal norms, and non secular beliefs of the time considerably enhances our interpretation. For instance, recognizing the Babylonian empire’s construction and the Persian kings’ roles gives context for understanding Daniel’s visions of kingdoms rising and falling. This understanding helps us see the prophecies not as remoted occasions however as related to the historic realities of Daniel’s time.
By learning the traditional Close to East, we are able to uncover clues in regards to the symbols and their which means throughout the particular cultural framework. This contextualization illuminates the deeper meanings and avoids anachronistic interpretations.
Literary Evaluation, Bible examine on the ebook of daniel pdf
Daniel employs numerous literary methods to convey its message. Recognizing these methods helps us perceive the writer’s intent and the supposed viewers. For example, the usage of symbolic language, parables, and narrative construction all contribute to the general message. Analyzing the ebook’s construction, themes, and literary gadgets helps us discern the underlying which means. The ebook’s construction and language reveal insights into the message and goal of the author.
Symbolic Language
Symbolism performs a vital function in Daniel’s prophecies. Understanding the symbolic language is important to decoding the ebook’s visions. The usage of animals, numbers, and different symbols carries deep non secular and historic significance. Cautious examine of those symbols, together with their cultural and non secular contexts, helps to unveil the hidden meanings. Every image is rigorously chosen to resonate with the viewers of the time.
Completely different Approaches to Finding out Symbolism
- Typological Method: This method connects the symbols to New Testomony figures and occasions. It examines how the prophecies in Daniel foreshadow elements of Jesus’ life and ministry.
- Figurative Method: This method focuses on the figurative language employed by Daniel, together with metaphors and allegories. Understanding the figures of speech employed is significant for comprehending the message.
- Historic-Cultural Method: This method examines the symbols throughout the historic and cultural context of the time. Understanding the symbols inside their historic and cultural context gives a extra nuanced understanding.
Comparability of Examine Strategies
| Examine Technique | Focus | Instance |
|---|---|---|
| Historic-Cultural | Understanding the time interval and tradition | Analyzing the Babylonian political system in Daniel 2 |
| Literary Evaluation | Analyzing the construction and magnificence | Figuring out the usage of parallelism in Daniel 3 |
| Symbolic Language | Decoding the meanings of symbols | Understanding the importance of the 4 beasts in Daniel 7 |
| Typological | Connecting to New Testomony figures | Relating the Son of Man in Daniel 7 to Jesus |
Sensible Software of Themes
Daniel’s journey, a tapestry woven with religion, resilience, and divine intervention, gives profound classes relevant to our trendy lives. The challenges he confronted, the visions he interpreted, and the unwavering belief he positioned in God resonate deeply with modern struggles and triumphs. Unlocking these timeless truths permits us to navigate our personal complexities with knowledge and beauty.The themes explored in Daniel, like perseverance, knowledge, and the sovereignty of God, transcend time.
They supply a roadmap for navigating the complexities of recent life. By inspecting these themes, we are able to uncover sensible instruments for private progress, decision-making, and constructing a stronger relationship with the divine. Let’s delve into how these historic rules can illuminate our modern experiences.
Perseverance within the Face of Adversity
Daniel’s unwavering religion, even within the face of persecution and threats, serves as an inspirational mannequin for resilience. His steadfastness within the lions’ den, and his resolute refusal to compromise his beliefs, demonstrates a profound power of character. This theme highlights the significance of remaining true to our values, even when confronted with seemingly insurmountable obstacles. We will apply this by recognizing our personal private trials as alternatives for progress and for strengthening our resolve.
The Energy of Knowledge and Prayer
Daniel’s knowledge, gained by way of diligent examine and prayer, enabled him to interpret goals and pronounce judgments. This illustrates the significance of in search of information and steering from the next energy. In a world stuffed with uncertainty and complexity, cultivating knowledge by way of examine, reflection, and prayer turns into essential. By incorporating prayer into our day by day routines, we are able to discover readability and path, very like Daniel sought divine intervention.
Understanding God’s Sovereignty
Daniel’s experiences repeatedly emphasize the sovereignty of God. Regardless of going through opposition and seemingly insurmountable challenges, he remained steadfast in his perception in God’s final plan. This theme underscores the importance of recognizing God’s hand in all circumstances. This understanding fosters a way of peace and hope, even in instances of adversity. By recognizing God’s sovereignty, we are able to embrace a extra optimistic and trusting outlook.
Sensible Functions Desk
| Theme | Software | Private Reflection |
|---|---|---|
| Perseverance in Adversity | When going through a troublesome state of affairs, focus in your values and stay dedicated to your targets. Draw power out of your religion and search help from others. | How can I higher apply this precept in my day by day life? What particular steps can I take to domesticate resilience? |
| Knowledge and Prayer | Actively search information and steering by way of examine and prayer. Method decision-making with a aware and prayerful coronary heart. | How can I incorporate extra prayer into my day by day routine? What sources can I make the most of to reinforce my information and understanding? |
| God’s Sovereignty | Acknowledge that God is answerable for all issues. Belief in His plan, even when issues appear unsure. Embrace a way of peace and hope. | How can I higher belief in God’s plan for my life? What are some particular methods to foster a way of peace and hope? |
Visible Illustration: Bible Examine On The Guide Of Daniel Pdf
Think about an enormous, swirling tapestry of colours, a kaleidoscope of images representing the multifaceted nature of Daniel’s visions. This visible illustration is not nearly fairly photos; it is a highly effective instrument for understanding the profound messages embedded throughout the textual content. We’ll discover a key idea by way of a symbolic picture, delving into its symbolism and the message it conveys.
The Nice Picture: A Image of Empires
This highly effective picture depicts a colossal statue, its kind composed of various metals—gold, silver, bronze, iron, and eventually, a combination of iron and clay. Every metallic represents a successive empire in Daniel’s prophetic imaginative and prescient, showcasing the ebb and circulate of energy all through historical past.
- The golden head signifies the Babylonian Empire, identified for its splendor and preliminary dominance. Consider the grand palaces and complex structure that characterised this period.
- The silver chest and arms signify the Medo-Persian Empire, a pressure that inherited and prolonged the Babylonian legacy, although maybe with a barely diminished grandeur.
- The bronze stomach and thighs embody the Grecian Empire, a civilization marked by its army prowess and the unfold of its tradition.
- The iron legs signify the Roman Empire, a formidable energy constructed on power and group, a civilization whose affect nonetheless echoes at this time.
- Lastly, the toes and toes, a combination of iron and clay, symbolize the fragmented and unstable empires that adopted the Roman Empire. This combination displays the division and instability that always characterize the decline of nice powers.
The Message of the Picture
The picture’s symbolism is not simply in regards to the rise and fall of empires; it is a profound message in regards to the nature of human energy and the final word future of earthly kingdoms. It is a reminder that no earthly energy is everlasting; all empires are short-term. The picture vividly portrays the cyclical nature of energy, from its wonderful rise to its inevitable decline.
It speaks of the transient nature of earthly kingdoms and the final word sovereignty of God. This message is not only for the traditional world; it resonates with our world at this time, a relentless reminder of the enduring reality that God’s kingdom will finally prevail.
A Deeper Look: The Stone
The picture additionally features a small stone, which ultimately grows into a large mountain, shattering the colossal statue. This stone represents the dominion of God, the one one that may endure and stand agency without end. This highly effective imagery underscores the concept earthly kingdoms, nonetheless magnificent, will ultimately crumble earlier than the everlasting kingdom of God. This stone, initially small, finally turns into a terrific mountain, symbolizing the unwavering progress and energy of God’s kingdom.
This profound symbolism serves as a beacon of hope, reminding us of the final word victory of excellent over evil and the lasting peace that comes from God’s everlasting reign.
